This article is part of a series discussing the Kimball Group’s “34 Subsystems of ETL“. The Subsystems are a group of “Best Practices” for delivering a BI/DW solution. In my articles, I discuss how each Subsystem can be implemented in SSIS or hand coded in Visual FoxPro.
Data conformity is one of the most important and fundamental aspects of data warehousing. Data conformity means that a data element’s label (column header) and content (which includes data types, lengths, and nullability) are consistent across multiple tables and across multiple business processes.
In dimensional modeling, a single dimension shared across business processes is a conformed dimension. Shared dimensions allow for drill-across queries where a user could conduct enterprise-level analysis across several business processes (inventory, sales, procurement, etc.). Conformed dimensions, as a data quality technique, also cut down the likelihood of data inconsistencies in an organization.
Margy Ross of the Kimball Group states that “Using conformed dimensions ensures that the data warehouse is delivering consistently defined attributes for labeling, grouping, filtering and integrating data from multiple business processes.”
Dimensional conformity also ensures reusability. Reusing dimensions across multiple business processes is what makes dimensional modeling so simple and scalable. The Product dimension, for example, would be the exact same physical table used in the Orders, Inventory, and Procurement dimensional models.
Obtaining Conformity
There are some challenges associated with obtaining conformity. Some of these challenges might be political, where business users refuse to agree on common business definitions. Most of them, however, are in the planning, data modeling, and system architecture, where individuals fail to identify or recognize where conformity exists. This is typically a direct result of failing to do adequate data profiling! Not having data stewards available to consult with on specific data issues could also lead to some slow times.
The first step to conforming dimensions is to define the business processes that will be used in the dimensional model. The next step is to conduct a data profile to identify and document the entities and relationships in the source system. Finally, identify the common dimensions across business processes.
The question then becomes: How do we determine which dimensions are conformed across business processes?
The answer is the Bus Matrix. The Kimball Group does an excellent job making the case for the Bus Matrix in their books and articles. In short, it acts as a roadmap for a dimensional modeling project. Check out “The Matrix” and “The Matrix: Revisited” on the Intelligent Enterprise Website. I won’t attempt to describe the Bus Matrix here for the sake of brevity, but may share some thoughts in a future posting (which I will likely title “The Matrix: Reloaded” just to be cheeky!).
The Bus Matrix will tell you exactly what your conformed dimensions are.
Conforming Attributes
By using conformed dimensions, it is possible to conduct drill-across queries. You might, for example, want to do some analysis on retail sales and inventory. Retail Sales and Inventory business processes exist in the data warehouse as two separate dimensional models. The cool thing is that they share dimensions (ex. Product). It is rather simple then to relate the fact tables together using the Product dimension based on some product characteristics such as “size”, “weight”, and “cost”. These drill-across queries can lend a great deal of insight into an organization’s various business entities.
Filtering and searching for data is also simplified if, for example, all names are in UPPER case and stored in atomic parts (last, first, middle, title).
You should strive to get as many attributes in various dimensions to conform. Attributes such as Name, Length, Weight, Size, and Color should mean exactly the same thing across all dimensions. If not, then they must be named differently. Conformity on this level lends to the simplicity of the overall design and makes operator queries simpler to write and understand.
Take for example Customer and Shipper dimensions, both with an attribute called “state”. In the Customer dimension, state is abbreviated to 2 characters, but in the Shipper dimension it is spelled out. You would not be able to conduct a query on all shippers and customers in the same state without the need for some lookup table. This could confuse and likely frustrate the operator. If you must spell out the state’s name, re-name the column to “state_name” (and add a column called ‘state’ with the abbreviated value)!
Allowing business users to relate multiple business processes together using commonly defined metrics (“facts”) also adds tremendous value to the data warehouse database. For example, a metric such as “discount” would not be a percentage in one fact table and an actual dollar amount in another. Instead, convert one to the other during data integration, or create two metrics: “discount_percent” and “discount_amount”. To take this a step further, in order for “discount_amount” to be conformed, it must be stored in some common currency (such as EUR or USD).
Not all attributes and metrics can be conformed, but the more you can, the more flexibility you will have with your drill-across queries. If you cannot conform a particular attribute or fact, then be sure to change its label so that end-users won’t make an assumption that it means something that it’s not!
I find it intuitive to identify attributes and metrics that are conformed across multiple source systems once the conformed dimensions have been identified and a data profile conducted. Where you need to be careful is when two column labels are named the same but mean (sometimes slightly) different things. Product color, for example, might be entered as a color’s name (red, black, blue) in one system, and a hex or RGB value in another. Multiple systems might have different product identifiers, all labeled “Product ID”. “Distance” could be in kilometers in once system, and in miles in another. Fahrenheit to Celsius conversions may be necessary. All of these issues need to be worked out during the data integration process so that “distance”, “color”, and “Product ID” mean exactly the same thing across Dimensions and Facts.
A 3lb red widget from NY is a 3lb red widget from NY is a 3lb red widget from NY!
SQL Server 2005 Integration Services (SSIS)
SSIS has many transformation tasks that you can use to enforce conformity in the dimensional model. In fact, there is not a single data conformity task that I have run across that SSIS does not provide a solution for out of the box (well, with some help from the Script Task, that is). Because many transformation tasks can be used to enforce conformity, I won’t enumerate them here. The challenges of conforming data truly lie in the planning and design process.
Hand Coding with Visual FoxPro (VFP9)
As with SSIS, there is nothing specific about hand-coding regarding conformed dimensions. So much rests on planning, mapping, data profiling, de-duping, and cleansing, that the process of conforming is just a matter of implementing the conversions and mappings necessary to build the dimensions so that they adhere to conformity. Check out my post on Loading Dimensions for some further details.
For some examples on some things you might do in FoxPro code to achieve conformity, take a look at my previous posts “Compare a String to a List of Formats” and “Conforming Temperature in FoxPro (some conversions)“. These are two examples of things you may need to do to enforce conformity.
From Here
In my next ETL Subsystem post, I will discuss Subsystem 9: Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCD). If you want to know more about Conformed Dimensions and the theory behind them, I recommend reading any of Kimball’s data warehousing books or articles that discuss the subject. He lays out the case quite nicely for conformed dimensions. I would like to stress that the success of the dimensional model rests in the ability of the data modelers and integration architects to design the data warehouse using as many conformed dimensions, attributes, and facts as possible.
There are not too many other blog postings (ex: 1 2 3) on the topic of data conformity that truly dive into the topic. I would love to see more, as this is such an important subsystem and best practice.
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